Title : Antimicrobial resistance: A comprehensive review of global burden, mechanisms, therapeutic advances, prevention strategies, policies, and future priorities (2025 onwards)
Abstract:
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health crisis with implications for human health, food security, and the economy. Without urgent action, projections suggest 10 million deaths annually by 2050.
Objectives: To synthesize and critically review literature published from January 2025 onwards on AMR epidemiology, mechanisms, therapeutic approvals, non-traditional strategies, prevention, and policy innovations.
Methods: Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, WHO [1] GLASS, and EARS-Net [3]. Regulatory data were sourced from FDA [11] and EMA [12]. Search terms included 'antibiotics', 'AMR', 'vaccines', 'phage therapy', and 'policy'.
Inclusion: Peerreviewed data and official surveillance reports published 2025–2026.Results: Findings indicate a decline in MRSA bloodstream infections in Europe but rising carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and Acinetobacter spp. globally. Notable therapeutic approvals include gepotidacin and aztreonam/avibactam, with zosurabalpin entering Phase III trials. Preventive strategies such as PCV21 [15], RSV [17], and typhoid vaccines significantly reduce antibiotic consumption. Non-traditional approaches (phage therapy, CRISPR [20] antimicrobials, microbiome modulation) show promise, though remain early stage. Policy innovations such as the UK subscription model and U.S. PASTEUR Act [23] provide economic incentives for innovation.
Conclusion: AMR remains multifactorial, demanding integration of therapeutics, stewardship, prevention, diagnostics, and equitable policy frameworks. Global collaboration is critical to achieve 2030 AMR targets.
